The Master Cleanse Diet and Other Essay Sample By John White

The Master Cleanse Diet and Other Essay Sample By John WhiteJohn White is the author of several books on the market. The Master Cleanse Diet is two of the most popular ones. In his book, The Secret to the Master Cleanse, he shares some interesting facts about the famous weight loss program.The Master Cleanse diet works by using only the cleansing properties of the colon, which is an important aspect in weight loss programs. This diet focuses on purging the body of any and all toxins, so that it can start working on reducing its weight.In The Master Cleanse by John White, he outlines how the colon works in the body and why there are certain people who don't suffer from them and just make weight. He explains the simple reason why the colon cleanser works better than other methods.The colon is a very vital organ in the body and has many functions. It helps the body digest its food and remove the unwanted waste that can not be utilized by the body as an energy source.However, for the col on to function properly, it must have room to move around and allow for the efficient and continuous movement of the essential digestive system. Sometimes this organ gets congested or tight due to a variety of reasons and can not move easily around the intestines.Since the colon has to work so hard to move waste from the intestines, it will cause problems with the digestion of the food that is taken in. This is why people who are trying to lose weight use the colon cleansing diet to help them out.There are some weight loss products available on the market today that helps to cleanse the colon, but they can cause damage to the body. Many people end up suffering from intestinal problems and other serious problems that have nothing to do with cleansing the colon.When looking for a colon cleansing diet, be sure to be cautious and always choose a product that is designed for that purpose. Keep an eye out for those in health food stores and online stores to ensure that you are getting the best results possible.

A Sound Of Sense By Robert Frost - 899 Words

Poetry fundamentally speaks to the senses by using descriptive language that creates vivid mental pictures and sensations in the reader s mind. Authors employ imagery and metaphor and other literary devices to add complexity to their work. Poet Robert Frost instead used what he called a â€Å"sound of sense† method in his approach to the language of poetry. He intentionally used the sound of speech (especially the colloquial tones of his native New England region) to develop his poetic meaning. His theory of sound was essential in developing the auditory images in his poems and his emphasis on living speech gave his poetry the subtle difference between the sound itself and the written image of the sound. While Frost admitted that the principle of sound of sense in poetry was not a new idea, he considered the use of it essential to the literary form: â€Å"The surest way to reach the heart [in a poem] is through the ear† (Frost qtd in Newdick 298). The measured wor ds and sounds together convey the emotional intent of the poet in his works to make his poetry resonate with the reader. Sound of sense technique utilizes specific sounds and tones to construct an auditory awareness of the subject. The sound of the words combines with the rhythm of the verses to deliver the meaning of the poem. Frost described his technique as emphasizing â€Å"live† sentences over â€Å"dead† ones: â€Å"A live sentence conveys meaning not only by its component words but by its whole tone. And a good writerShow MoreRelatedEssay about Nature in Robert Frosts Poems1649 Words   |  7 Pages Under the stars of the sky, fifteen-year old Robert Frost explored the heavens through a telescope. He was seeking affirmation of the proverbial question that has plagued mankind for centuries—the proof and existence of God. While surveying the cosmos, Frost‘s interest was stirred, so he visited a library and obtained books that had illustrated star charts. Within these pages, his knowledge of the stars was edified and a poet was born. Frost‘s first poems were ―astronomicalâ€â€" and invokedRead MoreRobert Frost s The Gift Outright 1313 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost Emma Ramsey English 6th Hour December 8, 2012 â€Æ' Robert Frost According to PoetryFoundation.org, â€Å"Robert Frost holds a unique and almost isolated position in American letters.† Robert Frost is very popular for his realistic writings of rural life. He was a great poet and was honored frequently during his lifetime. Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry and recited his poem, â€Å"The Gift Outright,† at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration in January 1961 which got him nationalRead MoreAnalysis of Robert Frosts Mowing763 Words   |  4 PagesFred White Analysis of Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mowing† As the speaker labors in his farm field on a quiet, hot day, he can’t help but notice that his scythe seems to be whispering as it works. He can’t exactly hear what the scythe is saying, and he admits that there is a chance that the whispering sound is simply in his own mind because of the quietness of the day or perhaps due to the heat of the sun playing tricks on him. The speaker realizes that the scythe is teaching him a lesson about the value ofRead More Appeal of Robert Frosts Out Out Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pages There have been many interesting and appealing poems written throughout history. One of the most interesting and appealing poems is Robert Frost’s â€Å"Out, Out†. The poem has the ability to make the reader visualize an event in vivid detail without making it into a short story. The poem depicts a very dramatic scene and makes it seem as if the reader is really there. Poems are generally thought to be about love and feelings, but some p oems can actually be like a short story; these are called narrativeRead MoreAnalysis Of Nothing Gold Can Stay1355 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost wrote Nothing Gold Can Stay in 1923. Frost wrote this poem out of fear the world would end. He did not publish the entire poem and modified the first section. The first section is what is featured in print. By not publishing the entire piece, this leads me to believe he was going to publish the whole piece for a different reason than the reason he only published part of it. He may have targeted one audience with all of the piece, but then another audience with only part of the pieceRead MoreAcquainted With The Night By Robert Frost1553 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frost s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is about a man who frequently journeys out at night and roams about the city alone. He is familiar with the atmosphere around him and it’s apparent he has wandered far beyond the city. Throughout the poem the speaker does not communicate with anyone and a sense of silence and suspense pervade his walks. It is understood that the speaker is very lonely on his walks and often finds himself hoping someone would call out to him. As the speaker strolls throughRead MoreRobert Frost Poetry: Rhyme Schemes1178 Words   |  5 PagesRhyme Schemes of Robert Frost’s Poetry Jake Jelsone English 120-08 A rhyme is defined as a verse or poetry having correspondence in the terminal sounds of the lines. One of the best examples of a poet that mastered rhyming beautifully was Robert Frost. Robert Frost was one of the best poets of the twentieth century. He is highly admired for his work about rural life and command for the English language. While many poets like to free verse their poetry, Robert Frost normally does not. OneRead MoreCritical Appreciation Of Robert Frost, By Robert Frost1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe author of this poem is Robert Frost. In his life the main reason I think he wrote this poem was because he saw people and things be gold then fade away. It was written in 1923 in New Hampshire. The poem is in the original language. This poem is not a series with other poems it is just one single poem. It was in the early 90s so I would think it would be related to the industrial age at the time in New England. The style is a narrative. Its describing how even though everything seems gold andRead MoreThe Use Of Calvinism By Robert Frost1114 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost incorporated Calvinism into his poetic work to emphasize his belief in this Protestant theological system. Frost lived in a Calvinist society throughout his life, influencing him to believe in such a system. The death of Frost’s family members, drove him to live such a dark life, and turning to find gratification through Calvinism. Frost made sure to demonstrate the struggle of the characters in his poetry as if they were trying to escape something that was not possible, such as CalvinismRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhile gazing at the farmland on the rural outskirts of Derry, NH, Robert Frost created an American masterpiece. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, is a dynamic and deep poem orchestrated to perfection. However, equal to its acclaim, is the misunderstanding of th e poem. A piece of literature of this stature deserves to be under the microscope of our classes critical discussions. I believe that the time would be beneficial to everyone. Giving a breath of fresh air to a poem that has been abused by Hallmark cards

Analysis Of The Narrative By Ayub Suleiman Diallo

Introduction Slavery and slave trade refers to the exchange of human being especially the black for goods. The trade took place across the transatlantic ocean in the 17th century. The ships trading the slaves would sail from Europe carrying goods to West Africa. In West Africa, the goods were exchanged for slaves who were captured by the African traders. The traders from Europe found it easier to work with African intermediaries who raided the African settlements from the coast of Africa and brought the energetic young people to be sold as slaves (Quirk). The paper will focus on the issues of slave trade and slavery, and the following experts of personal narratives will be used. Firstly, the paper will analyze the personal narrative by John Barbot in which he describes the state of slavery in Africa. Secondly, there will be the analysis of the narrative by Ayub Suleiman Diallo, in which he recall how he was captured and taken to slavery. Thirdly, the paper will use the narrative by young Olaudah Equiano, who remembers how he was kidnapped into slavery. Lastly the analysis on kidnapping story by venture Smith while at the age of six will be used in the paper. The analysis of the narratives According to John Barbot, who was an agent of a company dealing with the slave trade, he managed to take two voyages of slaves to the west coast of Africa between 1678 and 1682. According to this agent, the slaves who were sold by their fellow black people mainly include the prisoners of

Serious Disorders in America Clinical Depression Essay

There will be many topics covered as you continue to read that are related to depression. Clinical Depression is a very serious disorder that affects millions of people in the United States every year. There are many reasons for depression and there are also many signs and symptoms that can help you to identify depression that is affecting someone close to you. Depression can be treated in different forms weather it is through the use of anti depressants, coping, cognitive-behavioral and psychotherapy. There are many situations that can cause each person to get depressed for different reasons and may affect everyone in different ways and have different severities. There are believed to be three types of depression which are Major†¦show more content†¦There are many reasons that may lead a person into a state of depression and some of these issues may not be able to be fixed unless you seek professional help and assistance. Reasons causing depression can be biological, cognitive, gender, medications, genetics and situational issues. The issue that may cause biological depression can be caused from a person having to many or not enough brain chemicals that are referred to as neurotransmitters. Cognitive issues causing depression typically steam from a person having negative thoughts or low self esteem toward them. These issues may also lead them to assume other people think the same way about them. Gender issues that may cause depression for women throughout their lives may steam from the hormonal changes during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause. One thing that is still unclear is if women develop depression issues at tw ice the rate of men. Issues that can be caused from medications may be caused by side effects of the medication or your body does not process the drug the way it is intended to be processed. Genetic depression puts you at a higher risk for having the same illness as familyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Depression in Women706 Words   |  3 PagesWomen experience depression at twice the rate of men. Gender differences emerge first at puberty and occur mainly in the common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety among others. These disorders, in which women predominate, affect approximately 1 in 3 people. The frequency of major depression in adults is estimated to be 7 to 12 percent in men and 20 to 25 percent in women in a community and this constitutes a serious public health problem (NIMH, 2006). Several and variable factors in womenRead MoreAre You Insane Or Insane?875 Words   |  4 Pageshave used this term in some fashion or another. What is interesting about this term is that it is not a mental disorder, it is a legal term that is used in the court system to describe a defendant in a trail. The Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition says, â€Å"Insane is a medically obsolete term for mental derangement or a disorder. Insanity is now a purely legal term, denoting a condition due to which a person lacks criminal responsibilityRead MoreMental Illness, By David Shipler And Scaling Up Mental Health Care1106 Words   |  5 Pagesbelow the poverty line. David Shipler wrote the novel, The Working Poor: Invisible in America, but he is culpable for completely skipping over the topic of mental illness which is a topic that needs to be properly addressed as disorders such as depression and anxiety is not as easy to treat. Clinical depression is classified as a mood disorder that causes prolonged periods of sorrow. This particular mental disorder keeps individuals from maintaining their motivation and their confidence. When at criticalRead More Adolecsent Depression Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesAdolecsent Depression The suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade. Recent studies have shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression. The majority of teenage depressions can be managed successfully by the primary care physician with the support of the family, says Maurice Blackman MB, FRCPC. Depression has been consideredRead Moreâ€Å"Suicide Rates Among Inuit Are Shockingly High At Six To1340 Words   |  6 PagesSAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder/Depression) and Bipolar Disorder. (â€Å"3 Serious Mental Health Issues†: 2017) A brief background of these mental disorders allows for connections to be drawn between the environment which the Inuit population of Canada live and high sucide rates among youth. SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) also referred to as the â€Å"Winter Blues† manifests itself the most among Arctic populations during the winter months when sunlight is scarce (â€Å"3 Serious Mental Health Issues†: 2017)Read MorePsychotherapy As A Treatment For Clinical Depression1353 Words   |  6 PagesPsychotherapy as a Treatment for Clinical Depression Three hundred and fifty million people in the world every year, suffer from depression, a disease that causes feelings of severe despondency and dejection.(Depression Statistics) Depression causes severe symptoms that affect one s thinking, feelings, and ability to handle daily life. Psychotherapy and medication are the two main treatments for clinical depression. Although medication is the most advertised cure for depression, studies have shown thatRead MoreMental Illness1279 Words   |  6 Pagestheater shooting and the countless others that have plagued the Nation America is scared and heart broken. the government and the country are frantically trying to find answer and solutions in issues like guns to prevent these unspeakable acts of violence. But even though all these men have had the weapons to achieve their acts, they have had one more characteristic thats sometimes overlooked in common, their unstable minds and serious mental illness. Mental illness with its brutal stigm a and awful historyRead MoreDepressive Disorder Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesBehavioral Therapy on Depression Level among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in Mental Health Settings: A Research Proposal Introduction Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has a high prevalence rate; it affects more than 16.1 million American adults of the US population aged 18 years or older (Anxiety and Depression Association of America [ADAA], 2017). MDD is more common in women than in men and can develop at any age (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, 2003). Major depressive disorder is defined as aRead MoreEffects Of Major Depression Disorder ( Mdd )1565 Words   |  7 PagesAffect on the Diagnosed Individual Major depression disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that has an intense impact on the individuals social and economic mobile functioning, directly related to increased disability, absenteeism from employment, and social exclusion (Haddad Gunn, 2011). Research suggests that mothers who are depressed have the potential to genetically predispose their children to social, cognitive impaired development; it appears as though offspring may experience heightenedRead MoreSymptoms, Misdiagnosis, And Treatments1668 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Here is the tragedy: when you are the victim of depression, not only do you feel utterly helpless and abandoned by the world, you also know that very few people can understand, or even begin to believe, that life can be this painful. There is nothing I can think of that is quite as isolating as this.† Stated by Giles Andreae. Depression is a common issue in America and it is still an issue that needs to be dealt with. Depression has many symptoms and treatments. With rates increasing, can we be

Compare The Whole Towns Sleeping with A Terribly Strange Bed Essay Example For Students

Compare The Whole Towns Sleeping with A Terribly Strange Bed Essay There are many similarities between the two stories The Whole Towns Sleeping and A Terribly Strange Bed. The most noticeable of these being the thriller genre which they both share, and in the way they both create a feeling of tension and suspense throughout, especially towards the climax. They also both deal with the subject of murder or attempted murder, and the main characters of both stories are quite similar, as they both find themselves in these strange situations through a certain degree of their own doing; with The Whole Towns Sleeping main character, Lavinia Nebbs, this is because she had refused the help of her friends and decided to walk home on her own, and with A Terribly Strange Beds main character, it is because of his consistent luck in gambling, which flares up the jealousy of on-lookers. However, there are differences as well as similarities, as while TWTS is a third-person narrative which features a female main character and a cliff-hanger ending, ATSB is the complete opposite; a story told through the first-person, with a male character and all the loose ends tied up at the end of the story we can tell this from the very beginning as the narrator is obviously looking back on something he has experienced a long time ago. Also, while they both do successfully build up tension and suspense, they achieve this in different ways. The Whole Towns Sleeping uses repetition and short descriptions, safe, safe, safe, where as A Terribly Strange Bed uses long descriptions to increase the drama. Also, the pace of The Whole Towns Sleeping is fast and furious, unlike A Terribly Strange Bed, where the pace of the story is slow and frustrating as more and more tension is built up. There is also different feelings of tension and suspense from the readers part right from the beginning, as in TWTS, the tension and suspense is built up around if Lavinia survives, and in ATSB, as we already know the main character makes is out alive, the tension is based more upon how he escapes that if he escapes. The Whole Towns Sleeping begins to build up tension from the very beginning by describing a barren location, seemingly in the middle of nowhere, to set the scene of fright that the story is based upon. It was a warm summer night in the middle of Illinois country. The little town was deep far away from everything, kept to itself by a river and a forest and a ravine. This creates the feeling of isolation that Lavinia feels herself later on in the story, and that the name The Lonely One suggests. The scene continues to be set in the next few lines; The stores were closing and the streets were turning dark. There were two moons: a clock moon with four faces in four night directions above the solemn black courthouse, and the real moon that was slowly rising in vanilla whiteness from the dark east. This emphasises the slow change of day to night that is occurring, and sets the scene for this quaint little town to become the scene of terror, fear and murder. A Terribly Strange Bed begins completely differently in that instead of setting the scene for the events that will happen, it begins almost biographically as the narrator describes his life around the time the story is set, in order to give as a clearer indication as to how the main character gets himself into this situation that is about to befall him. As opposed to TWTS, the tension and drama of A Terribly Strange Bed does not begin until well into the story. However, despite there being a feeling of fear and suspense from the very beginning of The Whole Towns Sleeping, it only really begins to have a strong effect when Lavinia beings to walk home on her own. Lavinia Nebbs walked down the midnight street, down the late summer night silence. She saw the houses with their dark and far away she heard a dog barking. The fact that she is clearly hearing noises from afar gives the reader a clear indication of how quiet and deserted the little town really is, and the isolation that Lavinia must be feeling as she takes the long walk home. However, Lavinia gives the impression that it does not bother her to be on her own walking through a pitch black street. In five minutes, she thought, Ill be safe home. In five minutes Ill be phoning silly little Francine. But she is clearly nervy when she hears a male voice, as it cuts her off mid-sentence, and forces her to walk faster. Ill -. She heard a mans voice singing far away among the trees. She walked a little faster. Later on, the writer uses suspense to build tension. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine steps, she whispered. She felt she was running, but she was not running. From this you can tell that the writer is trying to give the impression that Lavinia just wants the whole ordeal to be over with, hence the fact she feels she is running down the stairs when she is actually only walking. The suspense in continued in the next few lines. Mr. Collins: Character Review EssaySafe, oh safe, safe, home, so good, so good, safe. Safe inside, the door locked. There is a lot of repetition of the word safe here, perhaps an indication that, as before, Lavinia is trying to convince herself that she is something shes not. Finally, in the last paragraph, it seems that both Lavinia and the reader are assured of safety. Wait. Look out the window. She looked. She gazed out of the window for a full half-minute. Why theres nothing there at all! Nobody! There was no one following at all. Nobody running after me. She caught her breath and almost laughed at herself. It stands to reason. If a man had been following me, hed have caught me. Im not a fast runner. Theres no one on the porch or in the yard. How silly of me. I wasnt running from anything except me. That ravine was safer than safe. Just the same, though, its nice to be home. Homes the really good warm safe place, the only place to be. The amount of tension in the story has finally calmed down, as soon as Lavinia felt safe, she studied the facts and made the conclusion that her fear was for no reason whatsoever, she was being paranoid and even saw the funny side of it. Then comes the climax. She put her hand put to the light switch and stopped. What? she asked. What? What? Behind her, in the black living-room, someone cleared his throat After all the build up to the climax, all the fear and terror that Lavinia described she was suffering, after all that, very little is explained. However, having read how Lavinia has felt on her frightful journey, the reader has their own ideas as to who the person clearing their throat is perhaps the most popular idea being that it is indeed the Lonely One but who is the Lonely one? Officer Kennedy? Tom? It is this cliff-hanger ending that will leave the reader making conclusions for days as to what happens next, so despite the whole story being well written, it is perhaps the final line that contributes to it being remembered for a long time more than the rest of the story put together. As mentioned above a few times, there are many differences between the two stories, but there are also similarities. For instance, when the bed begins descending and Faulkner cannot move in A Terribly Strange Bed, he begins, in a way, to talk to himself, just as Lavinia had done in TWTS. Was the bed moving? I turned on my back and looked up. Was I mad? Drunk? Dreaming? Giddy again? Or was the top of the bed really moving down-sinking slowly, regularly, silently, horribly, right down throughout the whole of its length and breadth-right down upon me, as I lay underneath? He obviously cannot believe what is happening, which is the reason he is asking himself all of these questions an attempt to shed light on the situation. The pace of the story is generally a lot quicker that that of The Whole Towns Sleeping, this is evident in the many short, fragmented sentences; I looked up, motionless, speechless, breathless. The candle, fully spent, went out; but the moonlight still brightened the room. Down and down, without pausing and without sounding, came the bed-top, and still my panic-terror seemed to bind me faster and faster to the mattress on which I lay-down and down it sank, till the dusty odour from the lining of the canopy came stealing into my nostrils There is a total of ten commas and full-stops in that short piece of text, the short sentences created by these really build up the readers tension quickly and powerfully, in the same way that Faulkners fear must be building up. So, its obvious that the biggest difference between the two texts is how different sentence lengths are used to create two different speeds, A Terribly Strange Bed being the quicker of the two stories. The biggest similarity between the two will have to be the situations that the two main characters find themselves in. They are both situations of fear, suspense and anxiety as neither of the two characters know what is around the corner, or what is about to happen to them. Overall, I think I preferred A Terribly Strange Bed to The Whole Towns Sleeping. The main reason being that I think TWTS tended to drag on a bit too much when describing a situation. As detailed as this was, I felt it was needless, and felt the situations in A Terribly Strange Bed were described well enough is short, sharp sentences. I also felt the quick pace if ATSB made it more exciting than TWTS.

Motivation and Behavior free essay sample

MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR To be motivated is to be moved into action, or to decide on a change in action, according to the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1841/1960). Motivation is an internal energy that creates a change in action for an incentive. Motivation can be caused by specific needs or the basic need of increasing pleasure and decreasing pain. Motivation begins with internal and external sources. Internal sources include biologica and psychological variables, while external sources include incentives that are achieved by the motivation. Biological variables include the direct biological needs of one’s body. As there is little food in one’s stomach the motivation to eat food increases. An example of the internal source of biological variables on motivation is the influence that ghrelin has on hunger. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases the need for eating and hunger. During a research study two groups of participants were given different injections, one group was injected with ghrelin, while the other group was injected with a placebo. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The results were that the participants injected with ghrelin ate more and reported more hunger when at a buffet where one could eat as much as they want. The incentive here is to satisfy the biological need to eat. Psychological variables in relation to internal sources â€Å"refer to motives and are studied indirectly through measurable indicators†(). When stepping on a scale, a higher weight indicates a greater motive or need. A prime example of the psychological variables is one’s need to belong. This occurs when a person’s social affiliation is lower than desired. This depends on a person’s ability to interoperate social cues. Individuals that feel more of a need to belong are more accurate at interpreting social cues. To prove this theory an experiment was drawn where people with different levels of the need to belong were more accurate in identifying facial expressions. Another source of motivation is the environment. â€Å"Environmental variables refer to those characteristics of incentives and goals that have the ability to attract or repel†( Deckers, 2010). Attractive incentives pull a person towards that goal while unattractive incentive pushes away. Higher incentives are more appealing than those with smaller values. An example of incentive and motivation is attending classes and studying with society’s value of education. The incentive being to get a better job, to buy the things that one wants and graduation, these create a greater willingness to score better on tests and study harder. Motivation is defined as the push and pull of behavior. To belong or the biological need to eat are subjective feeling that drive the motivation. Push motivation depends on the body and personal history. Motivation depends on biological and psychological values. Motivation is the drive that leads to the behavior; another way to look at motivation is that motivation is the cause and the behavior is the effect. If someone is motivated to do something they will display the behavior. If the incentive is large enough the motivation will be strongly forceful to receive the incentive, where if the incentive is smaller the behavior will be less forceful. An example of motivation exhibited in behavior is a person changing their behavior in public. If a person is with a group of friends, or for example, a man with a woman he is interested in, behavior will change. If a person is motivated by impressing a woman their behavior will change to impress the woman. The environment is an external source motivating a person to act differently. If a person is not motivated to work out by losing weight or getting healthy it is less likely that they will work out because there is no large incentive. In conclusion, motivation begins based on internal and external sources. Internal and external sources can either push or pull a person to react. Motivation is a cause and the behavior is the effect. Motivation depends on many different aspects but can change a course of behavior to achieve an incentive. Citations Deckers, L. (2010). Motivation: Biological, Psychological, Enviormental. Retrieved from The University of Pheonix eBook Collection database.

Special Stains Laboratory Report The WritePass Journal

Special Stains Laboratory Report Introduction Special Stains Laboratory Report IntroductionMethodMasson’s TrichromeCongo RedDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction Staining is a technique that is used to diagnose or study the morphology of abnormal cells such as cancerous cells by highlighting the structural components of a tissue (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Staining provides a contrast between different structures in a tissue specimen and allows its examination under a light microscope (Cook, 2006). Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) is a routine stain that is used to microscopically diagnose a vast majority of specimens in which the haematoxylin stains the nuclei, whereas the eosin is used to stain cytoplasm and other extracellular materials (Bancroft and Cook, 1995). According to Slauson and Cooper (2002) special stains are histochemical stains that react with known substances in the tissue. Mohan (2005) explains that special stains are required in various circumstances, where the pathologist needs to demonstrate certain constituent of the cells or the tissue to confirm the diagnosis by etiologic, histogenic and pathogenic components. This techniq ue is called special because they are not a routine stain that is performed on a tissue specimen, instead they are used in addition to HE stained sections (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Special stains can identify the presence and abundance of any specific class of molecules in a tissue specimen for example periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is used to identify carbohydrate substances such as glycogen (Slauson and Cooper, 2002). Other examples include Toluidine blue stain which is used to stain mast cell granules, Perl’s stain demonstrates iron in haemochromatosis, Ziehl-Neelsen stains mycobacteria and Giemsa staining is used to identify Helicobacter Pylori and Giardia organisms (Slauson and Cooper, 2002 and Bass et al., 2005) Masson’s trichrome (MT) and Congo red are the two main special staining methods used in pathology laboratories. Connective tissues consist of cells such as collagen fibres, elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycans that are scattered within an extracellular matrix (Starr et al., 2011). These cells are distinguished by using a combination of dyes to stain different structures in various different colours (Starr et al., 2011). Masson’s trichrome is used to express collagen in tissues and involves staining with three different sized dyes to stain three diverse tissue densities (Cook, 2006). MT staining produces three distinct colours as the name suggests; nuclei and other basophilic structures are stained black with iron hematoxylin; collagen is stained green or blue depending on aniline light green or aniline blue; and cytoplasm, muscle, erythrocytes and keratin are stained bright red with Biebrich scarlet stain (Young et al., 2006). Since erythrocytes are the densest as the y are packed with haemoglobin, and less porous tissues they are stained with the smallest dye molecule, the intermediate cytoplasm and muscles cells are stained by the intermediate sized dye and the collagen is stained with the biggest dye (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). However, it has also been suggested that the acid dye which is the Biebrich Scarlet, first stains the tissue as it binds to its acidophilic elements (Carson, 2001). Subsequently, the tissue is treated with phosphomolybdic/phosphotungstic acids so that the less permeable components retain the red colour, whereas it is diffused out of the collagen fibers causing it to bind with the aniline blue or aniline light green (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Young et al., (2006) describes that in addition to the use MT stain in assessing the degree of fibrosis, it is also used to evaluate portal tract structures such as the bile ducts, arteries and veins in inflamed liver According to Romhanyi (1971) (cited in Bely, 2006) Congo red is a special stain that is highly specific and a sensitive method for early diagnosis and recognition of amyloidosis.   Cook (2006) states that Congo red is used as the preferred method to identify amyloids in most laboratories on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of patients with amyloidosis. Kiernan (2007) describes that amyloid is an intercellular material that varies in its composition and is deposited in tissues such as heart, muscle, kidneys, spleen, liver and brain, deposits differ in their composition. Rubin and Strayer (2008) explains that Congo red stain has a linear shaped molecule which helps it to bind to the ÃŽ ² pleated sheet structure of the amyloid through non-polar hydrogen bonds, giving it a red colour. Sen and Basdemir (2003) states that Congo red fluorescence (CRF) is another method that examines the amyloid deposits stained with Congo red under polarized light which shows a red-green birefring ence and according to Rocken and Eriksson (2009) this is the gold standard for diagnosing amyloid. During this experiment special stain techniques were used to analyse specific tissue elements Aims To identify fibroids in uterine tissue section using Masson’s trichrome stain To identify amyloid in spleen tissue section using Congo red stain To discuss advantages of special stains To use special stains to identify important diagnostic features of the tissue To understand the mechanism used by special stains Method Masson’s Trichrome The formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded uterine tissue section was deparaffinized and rehydrated through 100% alcohol, 95% alcohol, and 70% alcohol.   The section was washed in distilled water and then stained in Weigert’s iron hemotoxylin working solution for 10 minutes. It was then rinsed in running warm tap water for 10 minutes and then washed in distilled water. The next step was to stain the uterine tissue section in Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin solution for 15 minutes, and then it was washed using distilled water. It was then differentiated in phosphomolybdic – phosphotungstic solution for 15 minutes or until collagen was not red. The tissue section was then transferred directly (without rinsing) to aniline blue solution and stained for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards the tissue section was rinsed briefly in distilled water and differentiated in 1% acetic acid solution for 1 minute. It was then washed in distilled water and dehydrated very quickly through 95% ethyl a lcohol, absolute ethyl alcohol (to wipe off Biebrich scarlet-acid fuschin staining) and then cleared in xylene. The section was then mounted with resinous mounting medium. Finally the slide was examined under the light microscope. Congo Red The spleen tissue section was deparaffinized and hydrated to distilled water. The section was then stained in Congo red working solution for 10 minutes and rinsed in distilled water. It was then quickly differentiated (5-10 dips) in alkaline alcohol solution and rinsed in tap water. The section was then counterstained in Gill’s haematoxylin for 10 seconds and rinsed in tap water for 2 minutes. Following that, the section was dipped in ammonia water (made by adding a few drops of ammonium hydroxide to tap water and mixing it well) for 30 seconds or until the sections had turned blue. It was then rinsed in tap water for another 5 minutes and dehydrated through 95% alcohol, and 100% alcohol. The section was cleared in xylene and mounted with mounting medium. The slide was then examined under a light microscope. Fig 1: Normal uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification Fig 2: Fibroid uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification The microscopic slide (Fig. 1) shows a normal uterus tissue that was stained with Masson’s trichrome, which showed the nuclei stained black, smooth muscle stained red and the collagen fibres stained blue.   Figure 2 shows a uterus tissue specimen stained with Masson’s trichrome that revealed excessive amount of collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle stained red and nuclei stained black.    Fig 3: Spleen tissue stained with Congo red showing amyloid deposits under 1010 microscopic magnification Fig. 4 Spleen tissue stained with Congo red adapted from Stevens and Lowe, (2000) Discussion Norwitz and Schorge   (2006) states that fibroids also referred to as Leiomyomata, are benign tumours of the myometirum of the uterus   that is mainly composed of smooth muscle and extracellular fibrous material such as the collagen, Fibroids do not   invade surrounding tissues or organs and they can occur in different locations within the uterus (Lark, 1996). The symptoms include heavy periods, frequent urination, constipation, bloating and backache (Tulandi, 2003) Masson’s trichrome was used to stain the uterus tissue (Fig. 1) which showed the collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle and erythrocytes stained red and the nuclei appeared black. MT stain revealed that the normal uterus tissue (Fig. 1) had a small amount of collagen present whereas the other uterus tissue (Fig. 2) showed an elevated amount of collagen stained in blue which suggested fibrosis. MT is an advantageous technique in medicine as it allows comparing the degree of fibrosis before and after the treatment biopsies to show if the treatment has been effective and successful. It is a routine stain for kidney and liver biopsies and this can be used on paraffin fixed sections as well as on frozen sections. Kambic et al., (1986) describes that there are different types of collagen and their organization is better shown using Sirius red with polarized light. Sirius red is a hydrophilic dye, in which type I collagen appears orange or red whereas type III collagen appears green (Kumar, 2005). Congo red was used to stain a spleen tissue section where figure 3 showed amyloid deposits in pink and nuclei in blue. Fig. 4 revealed a high amount of amyloid deposits in pink which suggested amyloidosis that is the disorder caused by abnormal deposition of intracellular or extracellular insoluble amyloid which changes the normal tissue function (Stevens and Lowe, 2000). Special stains is an important tool for pathologists   as it allows to the microscopically view and identify cells, tissues and microorganisms, providing an alternative to immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and various other diagnostic techniques. References Bancroft, J. D. Gamble, M.   (2008).   ‘Theory and practice of histological techniques’.   [Online].   (6th ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dhn2KispfdQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Theory+and+practice+of+histological+techniqueshl=enei=ifGETZKEPcWwhAfSvPW_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false.   [Accessed 7th March 2011]. Bancroft. J. D. Cook, H. C.   (1995).   ‘Manual of histological techniques and their diagnostic application’.   Edinburgh [u.a.] : Churchill Livingstone. Bass, P., Burroughs, S. Way, C.   (2005).   ‘Systematic pathology : a clinically-orientated core text with self assessment’.   Edinburgh : Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Bely, M. (2006). Histochemical differential diagnosis and polarization optical analysis of amyloid and amyloidosis TheScientificWorldJournal. 6, p.154-168. Carson, F. L.   (2001).   ‘Histotechnology : a self-instructional text’.   (2nd ed).   Chicago : ASCP Press. Cook, D. J.   (2006).   ‘Cellular pathology : introduction to techniques and applications’.   (2nd ed).   Bloxham: Scion Publishing Limited. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01513.x/abstract Kiernan, J. A.   (2007).   ‘Histological and histochemical methods’.   (4th ed).   Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.) : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Mohan, H.   (2005).   ‘Essential pathology for dental students’.   [online]. (3rd ed).   New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HmkTtLyxXF8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=essential+pathology+for+dental+studentshl=enei=xRCCTaiHMs24hAezp6G8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=bookthumbnailresnum=1ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. [Accessed: 11th March 2011]. Odze, R. D. Goldblum, J. R.   (2009).   ‘Surgical pathology of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas’.   [Online].   (2nd ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8ITX093f1j0Cpg=PA1143dq=Masson%27s+trichrome+staining+in+liverhl=enei=OB2GTYuVLYuqhAfJ_6m8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=2ved=0CDgQ6wEwAQ#v=onepageq=Masson%27s%20trichrome%20staining%20in%20liverf=false.   [Assessed 16th March 2011] Rocken, C. Eriksson, M. (2009). Amyloid and amyloidoses Der Pathologe. 30, (3), p.182-192. Rubin, R. Strayer, D. S.   (2008).   ‘Rubin’s Pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine’.   [Online].   (5th ed).   Philadelphia [u.a.] : Lippincott Williams Wilkins.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kD9VZ267wDECpg=PA990dq=mechanism+of+congo+red+stainhl=enei=ADGFTcSQDZGJhQf-n5iuBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=4ved=0CEUQ6wEwAw#v=onepageq=mechanism%20of%20congo%20red%20stainf=false.   [Assessed 7th March 2011]. Sen, S. Basdemir, G. (2003). Diagnosis of renal amyloidosis using Congo red fluorescence Pathology international. 53, (8), p.534-538. Slauson, D. O.   Cooper, B. J.   (2002).   ‘Mechanisms of disease : a textbook of comparative general pathology’.   [Online].   (3rd ed).   St. Louis, MO. [u.a.] : Mosby.   Available from : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vRhtM0UMUh4Cpg=PA5dq=special+stainshl=enei=-vSETaMeqJKEB83RwccEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1ved=0CCoQ6wEwADgK#v=onepageq=special%20stainsf=false.   [Accessed 4th March 2011]. Young B., Lowe, J. S, Stevens, A. Heath, J. W. (2006).   ‘Wheater’s functional histology : a text and colour atlas’.   (5th ed).   Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone Tulandi, T.   (2003).   ‘Uterine fibroids : embolization and other treatments’.   [Online].   Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fZ8eha5yIfcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=fibroidshl=enei=oyOGTfnfMJGGhQeY_92_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=7ved=0CGAQ6wEwBg#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 15th March 2011]. Stevens, A. Lowe, J.   (2000).   ‘Pathology’.   (2nd ed).   Edinburgh [u. a.] : Mosby Starr, C., Evers, C. A. Starr, L.   (2011).   ‘Biology : concept and applications’.   [Online].   (8th ed).   United States : Cengage Learning.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_16xbB2Py_UCpg=PA454dq=connective+tissuehl=enei=zYeITdaEAsywhAf61cm6Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=10ved=0CFYQ6wEwCTgK#v=onepageq=connective%20tissuef=false.   [Assessed 8th March 2011]. Lark, S. M.   (1996).   ‘Natural treatment of fibroid tumors and endometriosis : effective natural solutions for relieving the heavy bleeding, cramps and infertility that accompany these common female problems’.   New Canaan, Conn : Keats Pub. Norwitz, E. R. Schorge, J. O.   (2006).   ‘Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a glance’.   (2nd ed).   Malden, Massachusetts : Blackwell. Kumar, R. K. (2005). Morphological methods for assessment of fibrosis Methods in Molecular Medicine. 117, p.179-188. Kambic, H. E., Kantrowitz, A. Sung, P.   (1986).   ‘Vacular graft update : safety and performance, a symposium’. [Online].   Philadelphia, PA : ASTM.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NU0cVwIPk_oCpg=PA162dq=limitations+of+collagen+stainhl=enei=AEKLTcmzMsmYhQe1hJHEDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 20th March 2011].