Course Management Systems - Moodle Essay Example for Free

Course Management Systems Moodle Essay Moodle is an open-source course management system designed to host online courses and facilitate academic interaction between students and their instructors. The program was created by Martin Dougiamas, who formerly worked with WebCT. Because of this the program features many similarities to WebCT, but is more flexible overall due to its open-source nature. Moodle can be accessed via more than eighteen-thousand registered websites and is used by approximately eight million students worldwide. The program supports sixty-one languages as of November 2006 and is constantly expanding. Students simply download the program, register a username and connect using an enrollment key code provided by their professor. The site can host single teacher classes, or link various classes within an academic institution. Moodle also offers the option of designing complete lessons online, which can consist of class material as well as optional end-of-chapter review questions. Instructors have a variety of options for posting assignments on Moodle, and can set their own preferences on how student submitted files can be accepted for grading. Teachers have the option to allow students to upload files, including text documents of various formats as well as images. After grading the instructor has the option to post grades directly, as well as leaving comments regarding their response to the assignment. They can also format assignments for direct editing online, allowing students to type their response directly into the program and submit it for grading. Instructors can also use Moodle as an online grade book for assignments complete in class (offline), so that students can have easy access to their grades. Quizzes can be constructed and assigned to students in Moodle as well, with several format options available. Teachers can design tests consisting of various question formats, including multiple choice, true-or-false and short answer questions. They also have the option of giving students multiple attempts to complete the quiz, and can set other variables such as time limits (quiz is timed and may only be completed within the allotted time limit), or password protection to limit access. Students have a variety of options for interacting with fellow classmates as well as the instructors via chat, forums and surveys. They can also access course-relevant resources via glossaries (which can be student or teacher-defined) and a fully-interactive Wiki (user-defined encyclopedia).

Analysis of M.I.A.s Paper Planes Music Video -- Music Analysis

There is one universal language: the language of music. Music has a special quality and ability to bridge both social and cultural divides. A proposed theory by Dr. Gray, Founder and Director of National Musical Arts’ BioMusic Program; describes music has been around longer than human-beings have. Music is the one thing human beings from various backgrounds can relate to. Every living creature would agree. Music is heard everywhere not just among humans, but in nature as well, through the twitting of birds, winds blowing, the soft sound of raindrops against a windowpane, the ocean waves moving back and forth and the hum of the ocean rushing in a sea shell. There is no escaping it; music lives in and surrounds us steadily. While there are countless songs which confer social or cultural consciousness, this paper will analyze and address the dynamics of M.I.A.’s â€Å"Paper Planes†, video. Stylistically, the paper will examine the artist point of view, the unique use of lyrical analysis and sound description in relation to its historical, social, political and/or cultural context. This essay will also trace the lyrical analysis and sound description of song and discuss how the elements (visually, sonically, and lyrically) interplay with the theme of immigration and/or violence. Known in the music genre as one of the â€Å"most provocative pop star of her age† (Sawyer, Pg. 1). Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam or M.I.A. by her stage name was born in London in 1975. At 6 months, her parents returned to their native land of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is an island which is located off the southern coast of the Indian in South Asia. M.I.A is considered one of the most controversial music artists of her time. Many agree that she has a unique way of com... ....com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/15/AR2005091500697_pf.html>. M.I.A., â€Å"Paper Planes,† 2007, [Lyrics], http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/mia/paperplanes.html Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua. This Bridge Called My Back. New York: Kitchen Table Women of Color Press, 1984. N. pag. Print. â€Å"ONTD.com- Interview†, [2010] http://ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com/45685085.html Reed, La Trina L. "La Trina’s Mixx Tape: A Literary look in." Los Angeles. 22 Mar. 2012. Essay. Sawyer, Miranda. "MIA: 'I'm here for the people'." The Observer 12 June 2010: 1+. Web. 25 May 2012. . Stetler, Carrie. "Violent references raise concerns in Sri Lankan pop star's 'Paper Planes'." Nj.com 8 Oct. 2008: 1+. Web. 20 May 2012. .

Prevention and Control of Pollution Essay

The enhanced pace of developmental activities and rapid urbanization have resulted in stress on natural resources and quality of life. The trend of increasing pollution in various environmental media is evident from the deteriorating air and water quality, higher noise levels, increasing vehicular emission etc. Realising the urgent need for arresting the trend, Ministry adopted policy for Abatement of Pollution which provides for several mechanisms in the form of regulations, legislation, agreements, fiscal incentives and other measures to prevent and abate pollution. Further, realizing that conventional pollution control approach by treatment at the end of the pipe is not delivering the desired benefits in terms of resource conservation, the thrust has been shifted to pollution prevention and control through promotion of clean and low waste technology, re-use and recycling, natural resource accounting, Environmental Audit and Institutional and Human Resource Development. To give effect to various measures and policies on ground, multi-pronged approach is adopted which includes stringent regulations, Development of Environmental Standards, Control of Vehicular Pollution, preparation of Zoning Atlas for Spatial Environmental Planning including Industrial Estates etc. Major activities carried out under several programmes/schemes during the year are as follows : Industrial Pollution Abatement through preventive strategies This scheme is an amalgamation of the three on-going schemes viz. Environmental Audit, Adoption of Clean Technologies in Small Scale Industries and Environmental Statistics and Mapping, which have been continuing since eighth Five Year Plan. Due to encouraging results and benefits to various small scale units, these schemes are being continued during the 10th Five Year Plan also: Environmental Statement (As a part of Environmental Audit) Environmental audit is a management tool and provides a structure and comprehensive mechanism for ensuring that the activities and products of an enterprise do no cause unacceptable effects on the environment. Submission of an Environmental Statement by polluting units seeking consent either under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 or the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 or both and the Authorization under the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 has been made mandatory through a Gazette Notification of April, 1993 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Environmental Statement enables the units to undertake a comprehensive look at their industrial operations and facilities, understanding of material flows and focus on areas where waste reduction and consequently saving in-put cost if possible. The primary benefit of environmental audit is that it ensures cost effective compliance of laws, standards, regulations, company policies etc. During the year, action has been initiated to evolve model environmental statements in various sectors for facilitating comparison in use of raw material, water conservation, energy consumption etc. A project has been sponsored to Central Pollution Control Board for evolving model environmental statement in the eight sectors viz. Sugar, Thermal Power Projects, Cement, Paper and Pulp, Pesticides, Bulk Drugs, Tanneries and Textiles Activities. Waste Minimisation/Cleaner Production Waste minimization is one of the strategies adopted for minimizing the industrial pollution. The objective of the scheme is to assist the small and medium scale industry in adoption of cleaner production practices. A project has been sponsored to National Productivity Council on â€Å"Waste Minimisation in Small Scale Industries† for establishment and running of waste minimization circles in clusters of small scale industries, capacity building in areas of cleaner production, establishment of demonstration units in selected industrial sectors etc. So far 115 waste minimization circles have been established through out the country and a large number of Organizations and Institutions have been trained in waste minimization activities. The project was executed till November, 2002 under the World Bank project on Industrial Pollution Prevention (IPP) as Phase-I and Phase-II is now being continued with Ministry’s internal funds. Implementation of this project has helped in identification of more than 200 options for resource and energy conservation in various small scale industries. Environmental Statistics and Mapping For sound Environmental Management, reliable information base and the mapping of areas needing special attention for pollution prevention and control are a pre-requisite. As a step in the direction, projects and pilot studies have been initiated through various research institutions and organizations. Under this program, following studies have been initiated and are in various stages of completion : – GIS based Hydrological Modelling for Water Quality and Quantity in Cauvery River Basin by IIT, Delhi. – Geochemical baseline Mapping for Environmental Management by National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad. Development and Promotion of Cleaner Technologies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Assessment is a decision cum management tool which provides information on the environmental effects of various products and processes so as to arrive at necessary corrective measures to make the entire process efficient with optimal utilization of resources and minimal wastes generation. LCA studies have been initiated in various sectors namely; Steel, Pulp and Paper and Thermal Power. The study in the Steel Sector was completed earlier and the report is under preparation. The study relating to the Thermal Power Sector has been completed during the year while the study in the Pulp and Paper Sector is progressing as per schedule. Industrial Ecology Opportunities in Ankleshwar and Nandesari Industrial Estates, Gujarat A study was undertaken to develop and implement Industrial Ecology Opportunities in Ankleshwar and Nandesari Industrial Estates of Gujarat. The study has examined technologies used by industries in this region and suggested possible approach to achieve eco-efficiency within the industrial estates to reuse and recycle wastes and effluents generated from different industrial units. The recommendations of the study have been discussed in a workshop with all stakeholders including State Government Agencies for their implementation and an Action Plan is being drawnup by them. Development of Market Based Instruments for Regional Environmental Management in the Kawas-Hazira Region in Gujarat The ongoing project on Development of Market Based Instruments for Kawas-Hazira Region of Gujarat has been completed. The study report has observed that the taxes and incentives based on efficiency improvements align the pollution control agencies better with the polluters than the Command and Control (CAC) regime. Such an instrument also facilitates prescribing incentives for achieving the triple bottom line, viz economic-efficiency, environment-responsibility, and social-relevance entitling the Corporate to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other cleaner-production benefits. The recommendations of the study have been discussed in a workshop with all concerned. Field Demonstration and Development of Bamboo Based Composites/Panels The ongoing project on field demonstration and development of bamboo based composites/panels was continued during the year. Under this project, commercial production of horizontal and vertical laminates have been made using Bambusa bamboo Species. Construction of demonstration houses will be taken up during the current year. Recycling of Marble Slurry in Udaipur, Rajasthan A two years duration project has been sponsored for the manufacture of bricks and tiles from marble slurry in Udaipur, Rajasthan with the aim of utilizing wastes arising out of marble cutting and processing for the purpose of improving the local environment. Bio-remediation of Railadevi Lake in Thane, Maharashtra A project relating to cleaning of Railadevi Lake in Thane District in Maharashtra using bio-remediation technique has been sponsored to Thane Municipal Corporation.

The Economy Collapsed And The Great Depression - 1207 Words

The Government needed to earn money to participate in the war, and so the government raised taxes.The Government raised enough money, more than $25 billion. Prices went up on food and fuels, before the war you paid 25 cents for a loaf of bread and after the war you paid $2. The economy was strong in the US, this period is often called The Roaring 20s. The government s debt shrunk, and there was also a rise in profits, what helped make some people rich. The price that farmers could get for their crops fell, and the farmers didn t have enough money to buy more land. The US economy collapsed and the Great Depression began. The value of stocks fell, and some even lost all their value, this was called Black Tuesday. During the Great†¦show more content†¦Great Depression was a worldwide economic slump of the 1930 s. The Great Depression happened to do a considerable measure with the economy, Including the business numbers dropping en ormously. The Great Depression ranked as the worst and the longest period of high unemployment and low business activity in the 1900 s. Banks, factories, and shops closed. Millions of people were left jobless and penniless. unemployment had risen from 8 to 15 million (roughly 1/3 of the non-farmer workforce) and the gross national product had decreased from $103.8 billion to $55.7 billion. Many people had to depend on the government or charity to provide them with food. The Great Depression of the 1930s hit Mexican migrants particularly hard. Alongside the employment emergency and food shortages that influenced all U.S. laborers, Mexicans and Mexican Americans needed to face an extra danger: deportation. Mexicans were offered free train rides to Mexico, and some went deliberately, however numerous were either deceived or forced into repatriation, and some U.S. subjects were ousted just on suspicion of being Mexican. All things considered, a huge number of Mexican foreigners, partic ularly farmers, were conveyed of the nation amid the 1930s- -large portions of them the same workers who had been enthusiastically enrolled 10 years prior. Summer temperatures soared to record highs, and crop prices fell to record lows. On the Great Plains, the

The Traits of Mark Anthony - 945 Words

Mark Antony has been portrayed as a loyal friend, a hero, an adulterer, and a drug addict. That represents a wide range of attributes for a single man to inherit. Did Mark Antony really possess all of these traits? Mark Antony was a much simpler man than his portrayal. Mark Antony embodied a stereotypical jock. Brutus stated Antony’s propensity â€Å"to sports, to wildness and much company† (II.i.196). Mark Antony participated in the race of Lupercal, an equestrian race in which athletes participated during a Roman festival. â€Å"Wildness† could have alluded to Antony’s gambling habits, and â€Å"much company† could reference Antony’s inability to confine himself to one woman (II.i.196). In spite of Antony’s faithlessness toward his wife, he held extreme loyalty to Caesar. Antony became very emotional about the death of Caesar. He strove to create the illusion of friendship with Caesar’s murderers in order to make them feel comfortable; Antony wanted them to let their guard down so it would be easier to help Caesar’s spirit, which was â€Å"ranging for revenge† (III.i.285). He spoke to them as if he sympathized with their cause and strived to make them feel comfortable. However, they fled the city while he conveyed his speech to the plebeians at Caesar’s funeral. Antony exhibited popularity in Rome, so the plebeians respected his opinion. The funeral speech convinced the plebeians of his cause and allowed him to set his plan in motion. After the funeral, he did everythingShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Brutus and Macbeth1485 Words   |  6 Pageshis friend and soon to be emperor, Julius Caesar. Macbeth is also a play about a noble and trusted man named Macbeth, who through his strong ambition for power led him to murder his king and dear friend, Duncan. These characters have many similar traits and yet an equal amount of differences. Shakespeare carefully carves th e idea of desire for power, strong ambition, and erratic honor into the heroes, Brutus and Macbeth, adding to their ultimate tragic ending. The first idea and comparison betweenRead MoreJulius Caesar and Other Shakespearian Tragedies810 Words   |  3 PagesBrutus to join the conspirators because he â€Å"loved Rome more† (3.2.23-24) and in his heart he believed he would be doing the people a great favor. Another one of Brutus’s great mistakes was allowing Mark Anthony to speak after him at Caesars funeral. Cassius warns Brutus that it is a mistake to trust Anthony. However, Brutus replies â€Å"By your pardon; / I will myself into the pulpit first, / And show the reason of our Caesars death: / What Antony shall speak, I will protest / He speaks by leave and byRead MoreEssay on The Striding Apis Bull826 Words   |  4 Pagesin the next life.† In another Egyptian myth it was said that an Apis Bull was born of a virgin cow that was impregnated by Ptah. â€Å"The Bull could be recognized by a peculiar white mark on his neck, a rump that resembled the wings of a hawk, and a scarab like hump under his tongue. He had to have twenty-nine marks; the most important being a rich black coat intermingled with white patterns, and a triangle blaze on his forehead. Once the he was chosen he was brought to Memphis where he was enthronedRead MoreSelf-Monitoring Effects on Self-Esteem1260 Words   |  6 Pagesthose who are low self monitored are more contented about one self and dont need other people to prove it more. In the article by Weieter in 1997 different information were given regarding self-monitoring. High and low self monitors have certain trait that is distinct to each of them . High self monitors are really conscious about expressions, self presentation, physical attributes. On the other hand people who are low self monitored are more likely to look internally. Low monitors are more concernedRead MoreExodus Code And The Gate Keepers1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe 21st century marks the start of a new millennium were technology is at the center of everything that is anything, where a vast majority of our population can carry computers in their pockets. As well as how constant advancements in every field, from space exploration all the way down to something as primal as farming, are being made. Truly the human race is at the top of its game. And it’s because knowledge and its understanding is valued through out our society. This statement can be seen throughoutRead MoreInfluence Of A Great Philosopher And The Metaphysic Of Divine Providence1162 Words   |  5 Pagesand under the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar. Cicero returned to the republic government after the late Julius Caesar death Cicero became an enemy to Mark Anthony. After a power struggle Cicero was executed being an enemy to the state by the second Triumvirate in 43 BC. As an ancient leader Cicero successful leadership and background trait promoted great abilities. Cicero was a Roman philosopher, orator, politician theorist, consul, lawyer, and a Constitutionalist. In addition, the interconnectionRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : Traits Of The Classic Feminist1089 Words   |  5 PagesOn the other hand, Elizabeth Cady Stanton exemplifies the traits of the classic feminist. Despite her great accomplishments, Stanton came from a rather humble background that provided her with substantial support in the search for equality. Stanton was the first woman to run for election to Congress and the fou nder of the organized women s movement in the United States (Infobase Learning). Stanton was born on November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, New York. Her parents were Margaret Livingston Cady andRead MoreEssay on Sociology 111 Quiz 13498 Words   |  14 Pages During his career Anthony has worked as a juvenile police officer, corrections counselor in a state prison, and as the executive director of an urban redevelopment program. In view of this, which description best describes Anthonys career path? C. Anthony has been an applied sociologist Question 9 of 25 1.0 Points Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered aRead MoreAn Investigation Of The Psychopath1417 Words   |  6 PagesSociopath and the Psychopath in American Literature and Film Chances are you’re acquainted with a sociopathic character; you’ve probably read a book, watched a film or watched a television show that displays a character with sociopathic personality traits and have grown to enjoy following them through their story. It’s not uncommon; they’re charismatic, manipulative, powerful, and have an extremely different personality than most people. They’re charming and entertaining to watch, so it’s no wonderRead MoreThe Role Of Industrialisation, The Modern State And Ethnicity1627 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most interesting, and sometimes most frustrating, traits of the phenomenon of nationalism and the nation is the fact that it has no single, clear definition for the subject upon which all authorities in the field agree. From what a nation is to what kindles the flame of nationalism that gives birth to them, every scholar to pick up the pen on the topic has their own view and their own answers to the va rious questions. This essay will be looking at some of those views and examining the

The Effects Of Child Labor On The Chocolate Industry

The Effects of Child Labor in the Chocolate Industry: December 6, 2015, was an important day for many Americans, as it marked the 150th year since the abolishment of slavery when the U.S. authorized the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to end what can be described as the darkest chapter of American history. Many in Western Society seem to be unaware of the contemporary slavery still plaguing many developing countries, particularly involving children. The 2010 documentary film called The Dark Side of Chocolate explored the modern day slavery that is occurring within many West African countries, where children are being exploited and trafficked in order to harvest chocolate. In fact, the United States Department of State estimates that approximately 109,000 children in the Ivory Coast’s cocoa industry work under â€Å"the worst forms of child labor† (Mustapha, 2010, p.3). By exploring the use of child labor in the chocolate industry in West Africa, this paper will present the argument where I will argue that the unethical use of child labor has led to impoverished families, negative health impacts among children, and has affected economies in West Africa. In order to overcome this situation, there is a need for enforced policies, government action, and corporations taking accountability in order to put an end to child labor. The first part of the paper will discuss how the cocoa industry affects families, the health of child laborers, and the economy, followed by variousShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Slavery And Child Labor On Chocolate Plantation1617 Words   |  7 PagesChild slavery and child labor on chocolate plantations is one of the world’s greatest concerns at the moment. Chocolate plantations are specifically mentioned because chocolate is such a large industry and many kids, particularly in tropical African countries, are affec ted by child labor. In Cà ´te d’Ivoire alone, around 15,000 children are slaves working on chocolate, or cacao, plantations. (american.edu) This problem is concerning because not only is it unethical, but child labor and, thereforeRead MoreEssay about Bittersweet: Unwrapping the Hidden Side of Chocolate1355 Words   |  6 Pagesslavery very similar to those in the sugar plantations of the Caribbeans is child labor in the modern cocoa industry. Cocoa trees only thrive in humid regions near the equator, which is why two West African countries, Cà ´te d’Ivoire and Ghana, supply well over half of the world’s total cocoa. In order to keep up with the demand for cocoa, farmers in Africa have employed some 15,000 boys ages 12 to 16 who have been sold into slave labor to harvest and process cocoa beans â€Å"under inhumane conditions and extremeRead MoreBulgarias Foreign Trade with Chocolate1332 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Characteristics of the good Chocolate is a sweet food preparation made of cacao seeds in various forms and flavors. It has large application in the food industry and can be consumed either as a final product or as a flavoring ingredient for a great variety of sweet foods. Its primary ingredient – cacao, is cultivated by many cultures in Mexico and Central America as well as in some countries in West Africa, such as Cote d’Ivoire. The production of chocolate takes place in several stages. FirstRead MoreChild Labor And Child Rights884 Words   |  4 Pages Child Slavery Up until the 13th amendment, owning a slave had been just like owning any other piece of property. No one felt guilty about how the slaves were being mistreated. The 13th amendment was the first step in ending slavery in the United States, but no steps were taken to end slavery in other countries. Even though people believe that slavery no longer exists today, about 5.5 million children are still held captive in slavery (Anti- Slavery International 2012). Child slavery can come inRead MoreEssay about Child Labor: Nowhere Is Without1312 Words   |  6 Pagesworking. The interpretation of the words, â€Å"Child Labor,† has changed vastly over the centuries ago it began. Furthermore, the use of child labor around the world has persisted and grown from the centuries ago it began. Regrettably, child labor can be found everywhere in the world and in a multitude of industries, and these industries are responsible for the many varieties of child labor. Also, throughout history, children have been used as a source of labor, building economies and supporting governmentsRead MoreEconomic Effects Of Labor Abuse1267 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Effects of Labor Abuse Many companies state that labor exploitation is necessary in order to increase corporate profits however; the amount of increased profits is small. According to David Barboza (2008), a writer for the New York Times and winner of the Pulitzer prize for international reporting, â€Å"In 2007, factories that supplied more than a dozen corporations, including Wal-Mart, Disney and Dell, were accused of unfair labor practices, including using child labor, forcing employees toRead MoreThe Best Highest Quality Yields Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pagesimport laws on chocolate specifically just those for food in general and the only way to ensure that you get chocolate that was not gotten using any kind of slave or child labor is to make sure that it was imported through Fair Trade USA because they ensure that the chocolate is acquired through good means, so if they are made to be the main importer of chocolate then we can cut down the slave and child labor in Africa greatly. In the African cacao industry slave and child labor has been a seriousRead MoreHersheys Continued Use of Unethical Practices: Forced Child Labor2226 Words   |  9 Pages| Forced Child Labor | Hershey’s Continued Use of Unethical Practices | | Jared Bevier | 2/16/2012 | Business Ethics Rasmussen College Winter Quarter | â€Å"Worldwide, 126 million children work in hazardous conditions, often enduring beatings, humiliation, and sexual violence by their employers.† (â€Å"Child Labor Facts†, 2011) Hershey’s Cocoa has been targeted by U.S. protestors, Global Exchange, Green America, The International Labor Rights ForumRead MoreThe Human Trafficking Business Is Thriving1138 Words   |  5 PagesNewspapers that â€Å"Every year nearly 900,000 people are smuggled across borders to become sex slaves, child labourers and illegal organ donors, with 75 percent of them going through Africa.† First, there are millions of children forced into agricultural labor, marriages, and becoming child soldiers. Also, there are many horrible reasons why the human trafficking business is thriving. Lastly, the effects that trafficking has on its victims. In the early years of 1870 until 1900, Africa was plagued withRead MoreWalmart : The Biggest Retailer Of The Poor Countries, Us Companies Ga in The Massive Profit1349 Words   |  6 PagesUsing cheap labor from the poor countries, US companies gain the massive profit. For example, Walmart is the biggest retailer in America, because the most products of Walmart import from China. To against the competitors, Walmart reduces the prices, but to hold profit stable, the company has to use the cheap labor. Walmart has the biggest numbers of employees, which is over one million workers, but the wage and working condition are horrible. The hourly wage is three cents, and the best workers receive

Critical Article Appraisal for Physical Activity- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Article Appraisal for Physical Activity. Answer: Introduction Rastogi, Vaz, Spiegelman, Reddy, Bharathi, Stampfer, Willett, and Ascherio (2003) seek to address the association between leisure time exercise and sedentary lifestyle and the risk of coronary heart disease in India. Increased mechanization and economic changes has contributed to the rising physical inactivity in the urban areas of India to levels comparable to the west. This study is unique since it is the first to examine association between the risk of coronary heart disease and physical inactivity in India. The study design was a hospital based case control study.The exposure of the study was developed from data collected from 8 Indian hospitals in New Delhi and Bangladesh of 350 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 700 patients without heart diseases as the control group. The researchers collected data on socio economic status, smoking history, history of hypertension, family history of coronary heart disease, dietary intake, supplement use, physical activity of the par ticipants of the study. A physical activity questionnaire was designed for collecting data on occupational and non-leisure activities. participants data was grouped into 2; sedentary and leisure time activity depending and evaluated using conditional logistic regression to evaluate the relation between the risk of coronary heart disease and leisure time exercise and non-work activities. The findings of the study were that more participants in the control group (48 percent) engaged in leisure time exercise than in case group (38 percent) which creates a strong and dose dependent inverse relationship between non-fatal coronary heart disease and leisure time exercise. The risk for coronary heart disease decreased across the levels of leisure time exercise. People in the highest level of leisure time activity have a relative risk of 0.45 compared to non-exercisers. In addition, there was a positive relation between the risk of coronary heart disease and non-work sedentary activity. There is a relatively strong association between increased sedentary activity and the risk of coronary heart disease. People with 3.6 hours of sedentary activity had a higher risk of coronary heart disease of 1.8. In addition, increased duration of time at work insignificantly elevated the risk of coronary heart diseases. Effect of Non-Causal Factors on the Observed Association between Exposure and Outcome The main purpose of an epidemiology is assessing the cause of a disease. Since epidemiological studies are by nature rather than experiments, many explanations for an observed observation have to be examined in order to infer the existence of a cause-effect relationship. An observed association may be in fact as a result of random or systematic errors and confounding, which is not the case for this study. When examining the relationship between the explanatory factor, physical activity, and the outcome, risk of coronary heart disease, the study seeks to establish factors that may modify levels the effect of physical activity on the risk of coronary heart disease. However, this study did not report confounding because the researchers conducted a conditional logistic regression through statistical analysis software to determine the extent to which other variables such as smoking and dietary choices distort the observed observation. More so, the study is accurate because the researchers correctly classified the control participants across all levels of leisure time exercise, sedentary activity and work related activities. In addition, the study categorized continuous covariates to avoid linear associations assumptions with the outcome as well as minimize the effect of outliers. Differential misclassification results in over or underestimation of the effect between the exposure and outcome. While the use of population-based controls is ideal, the study addressed potential selection bias by obtaining control subjects from seven-outpatient clinic and inpatient wards in the hospitals. This implies that bias would be diluted is an association exists between the exposure of interest and the disease status of a control group. Secondly, the study employed a systematic method of choosing the control group participants over arbitrary selection of the control group. A systematic selection reduces bias that would attenuate the observed relation between CHD risk and physical activity. Selection bias for choosing case subjects did not exist because participants included in the study were those that survived past the interview. The study is credible because the overall participation for the study was high. However, there was bias in Selection of participants of the control group because they were slightly more educated and earned lower incomes than the cases. However, controlling for socio economic factors minimized the bias and did not alter the results of the study. There was no measurement errors because the researchers ensured the case subjects reported their activity levels and exercise before they were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. However, there is low potential for recall bias since health consciousness and awareness of heart disease prevention is not as high in India as in the western nations. The researchers reduced recall bias by exclusion of people with previous heart disease history from the study. As much as it cannot be assumed that interviewers reported all physical activities of the patients, the interviewers were trained to conduct thorough interviews of all the activities of the subjects done during the day. While future research may address potential biases that may arise in developing association between the risk of CHD and other factors, the hospital based case control study was appropriate because it was resource, time and cost efficient. Causal Association Between Exposure and Outcome The odds ratio is the measure of causal inferences that explain the strength of an association between exposure and outcome. A relative risk demonstrates a greater probability that a relationship is causal. A temporal relationship must exist in order to demonstrate causation. for a study to demonstrate a temporal relationship, the exposure must precede the outcome. There is a temporal relationship between physical activity and the risk of coronary heart disease because in the selection of the control group, the researchers excluded participants who had prior heart conditions in order to avoid protopathic bias (Greenland, 2011). The study gave the right attention to the effect of physical activity on the risk of coronary heart disease by drawing conclusions about the causation in a situation where the risk factor, physical activity, preceded the risk of heart disease. The stronger an association is between a risk factor and outcome, the more likely the relationship is causal. In this study, the risk for coronary heart disease decreased across the levels of leisure time exercise with people in the highest level of leisure time activity having a relative risk of 0.45 compared to non-exercisers. A dose response between the exposure and outcome is an important demonstration of the influence of physical inactivity on the coronary heart diseases. There dope- response between the exposure and outcome that assumes the intensity of the level of physical exercise on heart diseases. The intensity of the exposure of physical inactivity to the participant is relatively high which implies a greater risk for a coronary heart disease. The dose response makes it less likely that the factor to which physical inactivity and coronary heart disease are related is an underlying risk factor-disease relationship. The results show a strong inverse relationship between lei sure time activity and coronary heart disease. The results of the study are consistent with the study because they agree with the postulated theoretical that regular physical activity reduces the risk of blood lipid abnormalities, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension. Consistency of the Study The outcome of this study is consistent with other studies in the examining the risk factors to coronary heart disease. Soares Miranda, Siscovicks, Psatty, Longstrth and Mozaffarian (2015) conducted a prospective cohort analysis among 4207 participants of a mean age of 73 years between 1989 and 1999 that examined the effect of habitual walking, leisure time activity and exercise intensity on cardio vascular disorders. The results indicated that greater physical activity was inversely associated with coronary heart disease, even for people over the age of 75 years. Prospective cohort studies provide more evidence and tend to be more expensive than case control studies. However, prospective cohort studies are longitudinal observation over time where results are collected at intervals which helps to reduce the possibility of recall errors. Sattelmair, Pertman, Ding, Kohl, Haskell and Lee (2011) conducted a meta analysis study of epidemiological studies that investigated primary prevention of coronary heart disease and physical activity in the united states. The researchers reviewed 3194 abstract and included 33 studies to estimate pooled dope-response estimates. Nine of the 33 studies showed that people who engaged in leisure time physical activity have 14 percent lower coronary heart disease risk and the risk reduced as a person engaged in higher levels of physical activity. This study also unveiled a significant association of the response and outcome by sex (p=0.03) where the association was stronger among females than males. Consistency of this study allows it to be replicated in other studies and serves as persuasive argument for causality. Despite having a hospital based case control design, the findings of the study identify the same relationship between physical activity and the risk of coronary heart disease w ith recent meta analysis and prospective cohort epidemiological studies thus adding weight to the causal inference. The results of the study are plausible with regard to biological mechanisms. The cause and effect interpretation for the association between physical activity and increased risk of heart disease in urban towns in India is synonymous to the effect of sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in the western nations on the increasing number of people with coronary heart ailments. Validity of the Study Research findings are more convincing when they are externally valid, that is, they are applicable to different populations. The study was limited to a relative small sample size of patients in 8 hospitals located in New Delhi and Bangladesh. However, the study is free from bias since it takes into account socio economic factors and uses conditional logistic regression to control matching factors such as gender and age. Therefore, the findings are generalizable to the Indian population as well as specific populations as women or old people. The study can be used as background information for further epidemiological study between association between the risk of coronary heart disease and physical activity within specific populations. In addition, this case control study allows for clarity of temporal sequence, calculation of incidences, facilitates study of rare exposure to the subjects, allows examination of multiple effects of a single exposure, and prevents selection bias at enroll ment of the subjects, which makes the study viable for use in different populations. Bibliography Soares-Miranda, L., Siscovick, D. S., Psaty, B. M., Longstreth, W. T., Mozaffarian, D. (2015). Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-115. Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E. L., Kohl, H. W., Haskell, W., Lee, I. M. (2011). Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-110. Greenland, S. (2011). Causation and causal inference (pp. 216-221). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.